Social Inequality in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Example

Social Inequality in To Kill a Mockingbird Paper Social inequality is the existence of unequal opportunity for different social classes. Social inequality is found within every society and is based upon many different factors. Some of these factors include people’s level of education and their level of income. Harper Lee shows social inequality is largely influenced on the amount of education received in her book To Kill A Mockingbird. One of the main characters in To Kill A Mockingbird is Jem Finch. Jem Finch defines the social hierarchy of Maycomb, Alabama into four different categories. Jem puts people like his family, the Finches, at the top of the hierarchy. The Finches are a very educated, well off, white, family. Below the Finches Jem puts the Cunninghams. The Cunninghams are a poor, semi-educated, white family. Even though the Cunninghams are in some bad situations, they are still nice people. This is why they are above the next people: the Ewells. The Ewells are the second to last on Jem’s social hierarchy scale. The Ewells are what would be consider â€Å"white trash†. They are rude, filthy, poor, uneducated people. The only reason the Cunninghams and Ewells are not on the same level is because of how rude the Ewells are. The last on Jem’s scale is the blacks. The setting of To Kill A Mockingbird took place in the 1930’s, which is why the blacks We will write a custom essay sample on Social Inequality in To Kill a Mockingbird specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social Inequality in To Kill a Mockingbird specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social Inequality in To Kill a Mockingbird specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer are on the bottom. This also explains why the blacks were not allowed the same opportunities as everyone else was. Blacks were not given the same education opportunities as the whites. A majority of the citizens in this time period were extremely racist. As previously stated the Finches are the most financially stable and they have the most education out of everyone in the book. Their level of education is shown through the fact that Atticus, the father of Jem and Scout, is an attorney. Even in the 1930’s being an attorney was not easy to become; it required a lot of schooling. Atticus being an attorney is also why they a

Individual vs. Social Consciousness

Individual vs. Social Consciousness Free Online Research Papers Individual vs. Social Consciousness in Hobbes, Madison, Hegel, and Marx Hobbes and Madison derive their concept of politics in the liberal tradition of individualism, sketching out an ahistorical notion of human nature. By contrast, Hegel and Marx view the political as a social construction understood as dialectic. From this dialectic arises a progressive self consciousness. This is a historical process. Hobbes approach towards the nature of man is viewed from a mechanistic and ontological perspective: a vision rooted in a fixed state of being. Hobbes defines this as the â€Å"state of nature.† Through his liberalism, he conceptualizes all individuals as equals: â€Å"Nature hath made men†¦ equal in the faculties of body and mind† (74). He views the state of man without government as a constant struggle and competition over limited resources. This results in a life that is â€Å"solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short† (76). The solution to this problem is found through the â€Å"Leviathan.† This is the collective body of mankind united as the commonwealth. In Hobbes words: â€Å"the multitude so united in one person is called a COMMONWEALTH, in Latin CIVITAS. This is the generation of that great LEVIATHAN, or rather (to speak more reverently) of that Mortal God to which we owe, under the Immortal God, our peace and defense† (109). The Leviathan ensures mankind’s security against the state of nature in exchange for submission to it, and is therefore merely a contract that does not change mankind’s essential nature. The allegiance to the Leviathan lies in the Hobbesian choice: life or death. It is a system built on lowest-common-denominator politics. There is no teleological or transcendental goal or finis ultimus (57). It is a conservative rather than a progressive approach, in which the object is only to maintain peace and security amidst the constant threat of anarchy. Hobbes crudely defines a rational subject as one who seeks his own survival at the cost of his freedom. The desire for self-preservation remains constant and so self-consciousness will always be the same. Thus the conception of politics derived from Hobbes’ theory of human nature is ahistorical. There is no way for man’s self consciousness to evolve or change over time because the state of nature in which he exists is static. Man cannot escape his natural propensity towards violence. As in Hobbes, Madison conceives of a static, inescapable condition of mankind. He provides a similar ontological view towards man and his natural tendency towards violence and factionalism: â€Å"The latent causes of faction are thus sown in the nature of man† (Federalist No. 10, 2). Unlike Hobbes however, Madison allows for some historical thinking, because he believes politics and behavior to be influenced by society. He writes, â€Å"we see [factions] everywhere brought into different degrees of activity, according to the different circumstances of civil society† (2). Nevertheless the essential core of human nature remains unchanged. Madison posits a more pragmatic approach to human nature and its susceptibility to its passions. His preferred method for confronting the spirit of factions is the federalist system of government. The goal of federalism is to channel human nature, not create a model of absolute tyranny, as we’ve seen in Hobbes. Madison favors republicanism and describes it as a cure to direct democracy, which causes the tyranny of majority rule. The federalist republican system â€Å"promises the cure for which we are seeking† (4). It is characterized by the following three features: (1) place as much of the government as possible beyond the direct control of the majority (2) divide the powers of the different institutions (3) construct a system of checks and balances. The federalist system corrects the natural factionalism of human nature; it checks rather then reforms the soul. â€Å"It may be a reflection on human nature, that such devices should be necessary to control the abuses of government. But what is government itself, but the greatest of all reflections on human nature?† (Federalist No. 51, 7-8). Hobbes and Madison have a individualist view of self consciousness and politics. This ahistorical formation of mankind is limited to a single unit of consciousness, as it exists independent of another. Both the Leviathan and federalist papers describe social contracts, external forces that serve only to govern individual consciousness rather then create, form or alter them. In contrast Hegel and Marx characterize a dialectical formation of consciousness. In Hegel the Self is created only through recognition by the Other. In Marx self consciousness is determined through class struggle. These conceptions of consciousness are historical for they conceive of people in relation to one another. Therefore these relationships can shift, evolve and change as they are subject to historical contingency. Hegel imagines consciousness as defined through the dialectic. This means two beings are in correspondence with another yet each can only fully exist in their recognition by one another. Hegel writes â€Å"Self consciousness exists in and for itself when, and by the fact that, it so exists for another; that is it exists only in being acknowledged† (111). Only in being recognized by another can we conceive of ourselves. This relationship is caste by Hegel in the form of the lord/bondsman dialectic. Upon the meeting of the self and the other, the first instinct of the self is to attain primacy by destroying the other but the self then realizes without the other there is no recognition of its mastery and therefore will cease to exist. The master must enslave the other in order to continue to be recognized as master. Therefore master exists in relation to slave and slave in relation to his master. The slave endures the oppression of his master and can only understand himself through service to the master: â€Å"Through work however, the bondsman becomes conscious of what he truly is.† This process evolves over time as it gains a heightened awareness of itself. It is thus a historical changing idea of human nature. Hegel gestures toward an understanding of mental progression culminating in an ideal self consciousness. This is the finis ultimus that Hobbes does not allow for in his political visi on. Marx maintains the Hegelian dialectic but changes the idealism to historical materialism. In contrast to Hegel’s idealist philosophy, by which material reality is created by consciousness, Marx claims that material reality creates consciousness and the realm of knowledge. Marx plays out the dialectic along, material, economic and historical lines: Freeman and slave, patrician and plebian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary re-construction of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes (473-474). This represents the historical realization of the master/slave dialectic, or dialectical materialism. The relationship between master/slave as seen in Hegel is equivalent to the Bourgeoisie/proletariat relationship in Marx. The abstract relationship is converted to an economic relationship. The Bourgeoisie understands itself in relation to the Proletariat and vice versa. This is what Marx called class consciousness. The understanding of class consciousness as a reciprocal process of recognition serves to empower and liberate the Proletariat struggle against the Bourgeoisie. In his manifesto Marx writes: â€Å"The Bourgeoisie itself, therefore, supplies the proletariat with its own elements of political and general education, in other words, it furnishes the proletariat with weapons for fighting the bourgeoisie†¦.these also supply the proletariat with fresh elements of enlightenment and progress.† (481) The working class gains heightened social consciousness through the understanding of the Bourgeoisie’s need for recognition. Marx posits a forward moving theory of change as history is propelled by the material dialectic of the stratified class system. This is an interactive process of becoming. Marx describes a change in subjectivity due to the capitalist mode of production: â€Å"the modern bourgeoisie is itself the product of a long course of development, of a series of revolutions in the modes of production and exchange† (475). For Marx material forces determine self consciousness. Desires are constantly informed and outlawed; the self is commoditized and transformed into an object of exchange. Marx would call this alienation, caused by the capitalist directive. Both the philosophies of Hobbes’ and Hegel are embodied in Marx’ political thought. His manifesto unites the materialism of Hobbes’ and Hegel’s idea of a socially formed consciousness to produce a doctrine of dialectic materialism. Unlike Hegel however, Marx destination was not an absolute or ideal self consciousness, but rather the end to the class based struggle in which capital overwhelms all human subjectivity. The central difference in the ahistorical verses the historical shaping of the political for these thinkers is rooted in the individualist means for survival. Through the ahistorical lens offered by Hobbes and Madison the nature of man is implied and the goal of life is not in reaching a transcendental state but, merely in staffing off the chaos inherent in nature. In contrast, Hegel and Marx envision an ultimate end, a progressive consciousness illustrated through dialecticism. Hegel gestures towards this understanding through recognition of the self by another, with the purpose of spiritual enlightenment in mind. These goals are actualized in Marx through the realization of social consciousness and the resolution of the stratified society. Bibliography Marx, Karl and Friedrich Engels. â€Å"The Communist Manifesto.† The Marx-Engels Reader. Ed. Robert C. Tucker. New Hegel, G. W. F. Phenomenology of Spirit. Tr. A. V. Miller. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977. Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. Ed. Edwin Curley. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1994. Madison, James. The Federalist No. 10 No. 51. Yale: Avalon Project. HYPERLINK yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/federal/fed.htm www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/federal/fed.htm York: Norton, 1978. 473-500. Research Papers on Individual vs. Social ConsciousnessComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andCapital PunishmentEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenQuebec and Canada19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraGenetic EngineeringThe Spring and AutumnOpen Architechture a white paper

Change Essay Research Paper ChangeModernization reform and

Change Essay, Research Paper ChangeModernization, reform and rebellion are the edifice blocks to the alteration of a society. During the bend of the century many states experienced extremist alterations in there societal construction and in there traditional imposts. China holding its traditions and imposts fundamentally remaining unchanged for centuries was highly immune to alter, patterned advance, new thoughts and engineerings. One fresh Family by Pa Chin depicted the battle of Chinese pupils seeking to reform there school systems and to contend against the unfairnesss that the armed forces was enforcing. Though the book centres around two brothers it depicts many characters that are related to them in some manner. From the lowly servant miss to the highest female senior, each has a feeling of entrapment and wants to interrupt free. Yet each Acts of the Apostless as they are told by the senior of them and the firstborn is frequently is so set in the old ways that it is close impossible to travel against him. Chinese households are set upon award and regard. Each household member has a topographic point and responsibilities harmonizing to the place in the household. Often the eldest boy is reared to go the maestro of the house clasp. He normally has no pick in what his business is or even who his married woman will be, everything is planned out by his male parent or gramps. The younger boies are given a little more freedom with what they can make and who they will get married but it is frequently deiced by the older brother one time he becomes maestro of the family. They were allowed to go to schools and were the basic edifice blocks of most of the revolutions. The adult females of the family are expected to larn all the traditional functions of a Chinese adult female and in modern times to larn to read and compose from coachs or in rare instances attended all misss school. Basically the full construction of household life dependant on age, gender and regard. The new thoughts of reform and extremist alteration were based in several periodicals and magazines that immature heads read. These periodicals contained essays and narratives of new thoughts, alteration in authorities were devoured by immature heads eager to larn and show at that place intelligence. They read of other rebellions and presentations and were inspired to stand up for there basic human rights every bit good as for the right to go educated. Change, everything comes down to that one construct. China underwent extremist alteration in one century over traditions that had been established for 1000s of old ages. These alterations were able to take topographic point because of new innovations and technologies the printing imperativeness, mass production, and electricity all helped to fuel the over motion to a new society. by Dick @ aol.com

Corporate Social Responsibility and Ethics Essay - 3

Corporate Social Responsibility and Ethics - Essay Example In its effort to ensure the entrusted corporate social responsibility a modern day corporate must ensure fulfillment of its duties towards the social, moral and environmental aspects of its surroundings. The chances of a possible gas disaster at Bhopal that ultimately broke out during December the 2nd and 3rd 1984 were rooted long back in the early half of the 1970s. In those eras India was a country dying for foreign investment as with its infrastructure of that time it managed little of it and that mostly owing to Soviet Friendship. To attain this much-awaited foreign investment goal the Indian government approached Union Carbide to set a plant at Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh that will be producing pesticides such as Sevin. Sevin was certainly to have an intermediate product Methyl Isocyanide (MIC) that was immensely toxic. The possibility of a disaster owing to the production of such a toxic material was overlooked. The Union Carbide considered two potentials of the place, cheap labor and lands the most helpful input a chemical company can hope for to start with. What the eminent strategists of the concerned company overlooked was whether the place is ready enough for such a plant. The answer to this question was a certain no and that owing to a couple of factors. First of all cheap labor does not always translate to skilled labor rather mostly stands for the opposite and Madhya Pradesh was one of the backward states of India in terms of technical know how. Both of these together had sown a seed that eventually became a poisonous tree; swallowing millions of lives. In simple terms, corporate balance sheet emerged victorious over the social accounts and that one-day yielded poisonous gas in a huge amount that shocked millions of innocent inhabitants of Bhopal and almost no one was held accountable for that. 1) Mr. Warren Anderson: the puppet master.  When a business body unleashes a catastrophe then the topmost officials or authorities are bound to be held responsible. This was no exception for Union Carbide as well.

Review Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Review Questions - Assignment Example The remainder is uncollectible. The following are the budgeted sales: 3) Micro Company plans to sell 12,000 units during August. If the company has 2,500 units on hand at the start of the month, and plans to have 2,000 units on hand at the end of the month, how many units must be produced during the month? Four pounds of raw materials are required for each unit produced. Raw materials on hand at the start of the year total 4,000 pounds. The raw materials inventory at the end of each quarter should equal 10% of the next quarter’s production needs. Budgeted purchases of raw materials in the third quarter would be: 5) The Broom Corporation is working on its direct labor budget for the next two months. Each unit of output requires 0.05 direct-labor hours. The direct labor rate is $7.50 per direct labor hour. The production budget calls for producing 9,100 units in May and 8,800 units in June. If the direct labor work force is fully adjusted to the total direct labor hours needed each month, what would be the total combined direct labor cost for the two months? 6) MRI bases its manufacturing overhead budget on budgeted direct labor hours. The direct labor budget indicates that 5400 direct labor hours will be required in January. The variable overhead rate is $4.40 per direct labor hour. The company’s budgeted fixed manufacturing overhead is $77,220 per month, which includes depreciation of $9,720. All other fixed manufacturing overhead costs represent current cash flows. The January cash disbursements for manufacturing overhead on the manufacturing overhead budget should be: 7) The manufacturing overhead budget for Fanasta Company is based on budgeted direct labor hours. The direct labor budget indicates that 1,600 direct labor hours will be required in December. The variable overhead rate is $4.40 per direct labor hour. The company’s budgeted fixed manufacturing overhead is $25,120 per month, which includes appreciation of

In ashort essay Essay Example for Free

In ashort essay Essay The world is now a global village. As such, there is an existing symbiotic relationship between the population and countries of differing traditions, beliefs and cultures. The importance of realizing how to deal with these differences is further enhanced by the way business is done these days. The Internet has made it possible for businesses to be run on an international scale even from the comfort of your mother country. This is the main reason why any businessman must be familiar with international laws or laws governing businesses run in countries overseas. A businessman who bothers to research and understand the laws governing business ventures in foreign lands will come to the realization that world wide business laws, although seemingly senseless when first read, is actually a law that has an important impact on the way business is done in that country. Therefore, similar business laws of various lands may be implemented in various ways with the same outcome. Understanding the different legal systems of the world that govern businesses will help an international business person understand how to accomplish tasks relating to his ventures in his specific country of transaction. It is a known fact among businessmen and lawyers alike that laws governing business vary from country to country and have a different outcome each time that law or laws are applied to the specific business settings. Therefore, no two-business laws of two countries are ever alike in implementation and meaning. In short, international businessmen need this knowledge and understanding in order to make sure that they understand exactly what rules are governing their overseas ventures and that they have not violated any legal or religious laws of the land in the running of their business. This is the only way to insure the smooth running and success of international business ventures. Work Cited Williams, David Russell 1998. Cross- Cultural Currents in International Law. Global Business Languages. Retrieved March 2, 2007 from http://www. mgmt. purdue. edu/centers/ciber/publications/gbl/GBL%20-%201998/c3. Russell%20David%20Williams. doc.

Prohibition is Destroying America Essay -- Drugs

The war on drugs began with good intentions, but it is becoming clear that this battle is a failure. Not only do drug laws violate American’s freedoms, but they further complicate the lives of drug users. These laws have inadvertently been responsible for the deaths of thousands through bad drug deals and dirty drugs, which leads one to ask the question, â€Å"Is this a war on drugs or a war on drug users?† Body bags and HIV are becoming the most widely known side effects of drug prohibition. Contrary to what many may think, drug use will never be eliminated. Only through legalization and strict state-controlled regulations will the violent and deadly consequences of drug laws be controlled. By making these substances available, the drugs themselves will be safer and cheaper, government spending and prison population will decrease, and most importantly, Americans will be freer. In 1920, the federal government outlawed a substance they felt was destroying America, alcohol. Millions of Americans would shutter at the idea of not attending mid-week â€Å"happy hour† after a long day of work. But, the right to drink alcohol was stripped away from Americans by the federal government under the Volstead Act of 1920 (Behr). Over the next thirteen years, over $733 million, of today’s money, was spent putting Americans behind bars for minimal delinquencies, such as having a martini at a local speakeasy (Barbour). Since alcohol was no longer manufactured by trusted companies like Anheuser-Busch, it was now in the hands of black market racketeers, like Al Capone (Behr). Due to the diminishing availability of alcohol, more potent forms, like moonshine, became wildly popular and in New York in 1926, â€Å"bad liquor† claimed the lives of 750 people (Behr). ... ...on. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc. 2000. Print. Barnett, Randy E. â€Å"The Harmful Side Effects of Drug Prohibition.† Utah Law Review 2009.1 (2009): 11-34. Academic Search Complete. Web. 22 Mar. 2012. Behr, Edward. Prohibition: Thirteen Years That Changed America. New York: Arcade Publishing, 1996. Print. Gerdes, Louise I., ed. At Issue: Legalizing Drugs. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc. 2001. Print. Miron, Jeffrey A. and Katherine Waldock. â€Å"The Budgetary Impact of Ending Drug Prohibition†. CATO Institute. CATO Institute, 27 Sept. 2010. Web. 22 Mar 2012. Rogers, Douglas. â€Å"The Fiasco of Prohibition.† Freeman: Ideas on Liberty 61.1 (2011): 25. MasterFILE Complete. Web. 22 Mar. 2012. United States. Dept. of Justice. Office of Justice. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Drug and Crime Facts. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Dept. of Justice, Mar. 2012. Web. 22 Mar. 2012. Prohibition is Destroying America Essay -- Drugs The war on drugs began with good intentions, but it is becoming clear that this battle is a failure. Not only do drug laws violate American’s freedoms, but they further complicate the lives of drug users. These laws have inadvertently been responsible for the deaths of thousands through bad drug deals and dirty drugs, which leads one to ask the question, â€Å"Is this a war on drugs or a war on drug users?† Body bags and HIV are becoming the most widely known side effects of drug prohibition. Contrary to what many may think, drug use will never be eliminated. Only through legalization and strict state-controlled regulations will the violent and deadly consequences of drug laws be controlled. By making these substances available, the drugs themselves will be safer and cheaper, government spending and prison population will decrease, and most importantly, Americans will be freer. In 1920, the federal government outlawed a substance they felt was destroying America, alcohol. Millions of Americans would shutter at the idea of not attending mid-week â€Å"happy hour† after a long day of work. But, the right to drink alcohol was stripped away from Americans by the federal government under the Volstead Act of 1920 (Behr). Over the next thirteen years, over $733 million, of today’s money, was spent putting Americans behind bars for minimal delinquencies, such as having a martini at a local speakeasy (Barbour). Since alcohol was no longer manufactured by trusted companies like Anheuser-Busch, it was now in the hands of black market racketeers, like Al Capone (Behr). Due to the diminishing availability of alcohol, more potent forms, like moonshine, became wildly popular and in New York in 1926, â€Å"bad liquor† claimed the lives of 750 people (Behr). ... ...on. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc. 2000. Print. Barnett, Randy E. â€Å"The Harmful Side Effects of Drug Prohibition.† Utah Law Review 2009.1 (2009): 11-34. Academic Search Complete. Web. 22 Mar. 2012. Behr, Edward. Prohibition: Thirteen Years That Changed America. New York: Arcade Publishing, 1996. Print. Gerdes, Louise I., ed. At Issue: Legalizing Drugs. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc. 2001. Print. Miron, Jeffrey A. and Katherine Waldock. â€Å"The Budgetary Impact of Ending Drug Prohibition†. CATO Institute. CATO Institute, 27 Sept. 2010. Web. 22 Mar 2012. Rogers, Douglas. â€Å"The Fiasco of Prohibition.† Freeman: Ideas on Liberty 61.1 (2011): 25. MasterFILE Complete. Web. 22 Mar. 2012. United States. Dept. of Justice. Office of Justice. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Drug and Crime Facts. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Dept. of Justice, Mar. 2012. Web. 22 Mar. 2012.